- The cruciate ligaments
- Cruciate ligament tears
- The torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
- The torn posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
-
Multiligament instability of the knee
- Cruciate ligament repair
- Cruciate ligament reconstruction
- Cruciate ligament rehabilitation
- Complications of cruciate reconstruction
Page updated July 2023 by Dr Sheila Strover (Clinical Editor)
Knee ligament injuries of anterior or posterior cruciate ligament are often combined with injury to other knee ligaments or to the menisci.
What is complex or multiligament instability?
'Complex' or 'multi-ligament' instability of the knee implies damage to more than one stabilising structure, often giving considerable difficulty in diagnosis and management. It is very much super-specialist territory. The damage may include tears of both cruciates, or one or more cruciates and a collateral ligament - plus or minus one or more structures of the posterolateral or anterolateral corners.
Surgical Management of the Multiple-Ligament Knee Injury. Buyukdoga K, Laidlaw MS and Miller MD. Arthrosc Tech. 2018 Feb; 7(2): e147–e164.
The Unhappy Triad of O'Donoghue
This particular multi-ligament knee injury -
- torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
- torn medial collateral ligament (MCL)
- torn medial meniscus
has earned itself the infamous name of 'The unhappy triad of O'Donoghue'!
In fact much more common is -
- torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
- torn medial collateral ligament (MCL)
- torn lateral meniscus (if the medial meniscus is torn, the lateral one is usually torn also)
The unhappy triad is also sometimes called the 'terrible triad' or a 'blown knee'.
What is the terrible triad? Barber FA. Arthroscopy. 1992;8(1):19-22.
Posterolateral rotatory instability
Posterolateral rotatory instability is a particular multi-ligament injury involving damage to the structures of the posterolateral corner -
- popliteus tendon
- arcuate ligament
- lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
- lateral capsular ligaments
Posterolateral corner ligament injuries often go unrecognised or not fully diagnosed, leaving the patient with long term pain and instability.
Current Concepts of Posterolateral Corner Injuries of the Knee Shon O-J, Park J-W and Beum-Jung Kim B-J. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2017 Dec; 29(4): 256–268.
Anterolateral rotatory instability
Appreciation of rotatory instability involving the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee has grown since the full recognition in 2013 of the anatomical structure known as the anterolateral ligament (ALL). New studies since then have drawn attention to several previously poorly-recognised contributors to anterolateral stability - the integrity of the ALL, the integrity of the capsule and its junctures with the menisci, and the contribution of the slope of the tibia to stability. Appreciation and repair of ramp lesions has become more commonplace. Slope-changing osteotomy is being embraced by the ostotomy surgeons.
The Anterolateral Ligament is Not the Whole Story: Reconsidering the Form and Function of the Anterolateral Knee and its Contribution to Rotatory Knee Instability. Sheean AJ, Shin J, Patel NK, Lian J, Guenther D and Musahl V. Tech Orthop. 2018 Dec; 33(4): 219–224.
Posteromedial corner problems
The posteromedial corner is the neglected corner of the knee. Problems here may be combined with either ACL or PCL tears and lead to anteromedial rotatory instability of the knee.
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