Examining any knee needs to be tailored to the individual and the particular clinical scenario or problem. For example, if a child walks into the consulting room one immediately starts to think about the paediatric knee and its association with, for instance, the hip and the spine.

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It is indeed distressing to see so many patients come into our center with failed ACL (and other knee ligaments, including the posterior cruciate ligament, or PCL and posterolateral reconstructions. Many times, these individuals have already been through multiple operations.

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The posterolateral corner (PLC) is a region on the outer (lateral) and around the back of the knee where the anatomy is complex and poorly understood by many clinicians. The PLC is an important area because any damage to this region affects knee stability.

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An osteotomy is a procedure where a bone is surgically cut - generally to allow the surgeon to realign the bone to a better anatomical position, in order to achieve improved function and/or alleviate pain. Such an osteotomy is called a realignment osteotomy.

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How is it that in the UK in particular this injury is treated so terribly? As long as there is no actual broken bone on the X-ray nine times out of ten they are told - No broken bones – you have just sprained your knee – don’t worry about it - the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is just missed.

Biologic Knee Replacement (BKR) is our unit's approach to helping people delay, or even avoid, artificial knee replacement by proactively treating knee injuries, from trauma to arthritis, with methods to encourage biological healing.

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When it comes to meniscal tears what we as surgeons are interested in are –"Which of the tears are symptomatic?" and "What are we going to do about it?" This depends partly on the complexity of the tear (including its shape) and the zone of the meniscus involved.

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